Ancient City of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka

Facts and Data

Basis Data:
Unesco World heritage since: 1982
Size of heritage:

Coordinates:
Longitude: 81,001°
Latitude: 7,916°

Summary

Polonnaruwa was the second capital of Sri Lanka after the destruction of Anuradhapura in 993. It comprises, besides the Brahmanic monuments built by the Cholas, the monumental ruins of the fabulous garden-city created by Parakramabahu I in the 12th century.

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Introduction

The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is a UNESCO World Heritage site that showcases the rich history and cultural heritage of the country. This ancient city, situated in the Polonnaruva District, was the capital of Sri Lanka from the 11th to the 13th century AD. Today, it stands as a testament to the grandeur and architectural brilliance of the ancient Sinhalese civilization.

History

Polonnaruwa rose to prominence in the late 10th century when King Vijayabahu I defeated the Chola invaders and established it as the capital of Sri Lanka. However, it was during the reign of King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century that Polonnaruwa reached its zenith. The city flourished under his rule, with extensive irrigation systems, magnificent palaces, and grand religious monuments being constructed.

Architectural Marvels

The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa is renowned for its architectural marvels, which reflect the influence of both Indian and Sinhalese cultures. The most iconic structure is the Royal Palace, a massive complex that once housed the king and his court. The palace features intricate carvings and elaborate architectural details, providing a glimpse into the opulence of the ancient Sinhalese monarchy. Another notable site is the Quadrangle, a sacred precinct that contains several religious buildings. The Vatadage, a circular relic house, is a prime example of Polonnaruwa's architectural prowess. Its stone pillars and moonstones showcase exquisite craftsmanship. The Gal Vihara, a group of colossal Buddha statues carved into a granite rock face, is another highlight of the site. These statues, with their serene expressions and intricate details, are considered masterpieces of ancient Sri Lankan art.

Current State

Despite the passage of time, the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa has managed to retain much of its original splendor. The site is well-preserved, thanks to ongoing conservation efforts by the Sri Lankan government and UNESCO. Visitors can explore the ancient ruins on foot or by bicycle, immersing themselves in the rich history and cultural heritage of the region. The Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa provides further insight into the city's history, displaying artifacts and relics unearthed from the site. Additionally, the annual Polonnaruwa Vatadage Perahera, a grand procession held to honor the ancient kings, attracts both locals and tourists alike. However, the site faces challenges such as erosion, weathering, and encroachment by vegetation. Efforts are being made to address these issues and ensure the long-term preservation of this invaluable heritage site.