Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy
Unesco World Heritage

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Introduction

The Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Indonesia. This site, situated at coordinates S8 15 33 E115 24 10, encompasses the unique agricultural and cultural practices of the Balinese people. The subak system, which is an intricate irrigation network, is not only vital for rice cultivation but also reflects the deep-rooted philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.

History

The history of the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province dates back to the 9th century when the Balinese people began practicing wet rice cultivation. The subak system, developed during this period, is a testament to their ingenuity in managing water resources. The subak system is a cooperative irrigation system that ensures fair distribution of water among rice farmers. It is based on the principles of harmony, cooperation, and sustainability. Over the centuries, the subak system became an integral part of Balinese culture and society. It not only provided sustenance but also shaped the spiritual and social fabric of the island. The subak system was managed by local water temples, which played a crucial role in regulating water allocation and resolving conflicts. These temples became centers of religious and cultural activities, fostering a sense of community among the Balinese people.

Current State

Today, the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province continues to thrive as a living cultural landscape. The subak system remains the backbone of Bali's agricultural practices, ensuring the sustainability of rice cultivation. The intricate network of canals and terraced rice fields showcases the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. The Tri Hita Karana philosophy, which underpins the subak system, is still deeply ingrained in Balinese society. This philosophy emphasizes the balance and harmony between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm. It guides the Balinese people in their daily lives, promoting sustainable practices and fostering a sense of unity. However, the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province faces several challenges in the modern era. Rapid urbanization and tourism development have put pressure on the traditional agricultural practices and water management systems. The increasing demand for land and water resources has led to the conversion of rice fields into commercial areas, threatening the integrity of the subak system. To address these challenges, various conservation efforts have been undertaken. The Balinese government, in collaboration with local communities, has implemented measures to protect and preserve the subak system. These include the establishment of protected areas, the promotion of sustainable tourism, and the revitalization of traditional farming practices. In conclusion, the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy is a UNESCO World Heritage site that showcases the unique agricultural and cultural practices of Bali. The subak system, with its cooperative irrigation network, reflects the deep-rooted philosophy of harmony and sustainability. While facing challenges from urbanization and tourism, efforts are being made to preserve this cultural landscape and ensure the continued practice of the subak system.